LL-37 5mg

1. What is LL-37?

Follistatin is a naturally occurring protein that acts as a potent inhibitor of myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle growth. By binding to and neutralizing myostatin, Follistatin promotes muscle growth, regeneration, and strength. It plays a significant role in regulating follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and other reproductive functions. Follistatin has been researched for its potential applications in treating muscle-wasting diseases, enhancing athletic performance, and combating age-related muscle loss.

2. LL-37 Structure

【pictures linking，https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16198951】

Sequence:-Leu-Leu-Gly-Asp-Phe-Phe-Arg-Lys-Ser-Lys-Glu-Lys-lle-Gly-Lys-Glu-Phe- Lys-Arg-lle-Val-GIn-Arg-lle-Lys-Asp-Phe-Leu-Arg-Asn-Leu-Val-Pro-Arg-Thr-Glu-Ser

Molecular Formula: C205H340N60O53

Molecular Weight: 4493.342 g/mol

PubChem CID: 16198951

CAS Number:154947-66-7

Synonyms:CAP-18,Cathelicidin, antibacterial peptide LL-37

3. LL-37 Research

LL-37 is a cationic host defense peptide (HDP) derived from the human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide precursor (hCAP-18). It is one of the only human cathelicidins expressed across epithelial barriers, immune cells, and injured tissues. LL-37 is renowned for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, immunomodulation, and role in tissue regeneration and wound repair.

Unlike conventional antibiotics, LL-37 not only kills pathogens but also modulates immune responses, promotes angiogenesis, and enhances epithelial barrier function, making it a leading candidate in post-antibiotic era research.

【1】Antimicrobial & Antiviral Function

Disrupts microbial membranes via electrostatic binding, leading to cell lysis
→ Mechanism overview – NIH【https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12756267/】

Active against Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and fungal organisms

Demonstrates antiviral activity against influenza, herpes simplex virus, RSV, and even SARS-CoV-2
→ LL-37 vs viruses – MDPI【https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/15/5561】

【2】 Immunomodulation

Acts on TLRs, macrophages, and dendritic cells to promote balanced inflammation

Reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, TNF-α, while enhancing IL-10 (anti-inflammatory)

Enhances recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to sites of injury, accelerating early immune response
→ Immune effects – Frontiers in Immunology【https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00029/full】

【3】Wound Healing & Tissue Regeneration

Increases fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, and epithelial cell migration, critical for wound closure

Enhances collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix remodeling

Improves healing in diabetic ulcers, pressure sores, and burn injuries
→ Wound healing – PLOS One【https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0187265】

【4】 Barrier Reinforcement & Gut-Lung Axis

Supports mucosal defense in lungs and gut by reinforcing epithelial junctions

Inhibits bacterial invasion in IBD and chronic airway diseases

LL-37 gene expression is often downregulated in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis

【5】 Neurological & Autoimmune Modulation (Emerging)

Preliminary studies suggest a role in multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuroinflammation, via microglial modulation

Shown to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines in the CNS and support blood-brain barrier (BBB) stability

✅ Why Consider LL-37?

🦠 Broad-spectrum antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral coverage

🧬 Modulates immune response instead of suppressing it

🩹 Accelerates wound healing, collagen synthesis, and vascular growth

🌬️ Improves lung and gut mucosal defenses

🧠 May reduce neuroinflammation and protect CNS integrity

🔬 Ideal for chronic wounds, IBD, post-viral lung injury, and infection-prone individuals

4. Future LL-37 Research

A. Advanced Infectious Disease Therapies

Multidrug-resistant bacteria (MRSA, Pseudomonas): LL-37 is being investigated as an adjunct or alternative to antibiotics, especially for biofilm-related infections

Pulmonary delivery systems (inhalable LL-37) for chronic bronchitis, post-COVID fibrosis, and pneumonia
→ Pulmonary LL-37 delivery – Pharmaceutics【https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/4/559】

B. Cancer Therapeutics

Exhibits dual role: suppresses tumorigenesis in some contexts (e.g., gastric, colon), but may promote proliferation in others (e.g., breast) depending on receptor expression

Current research focuses on:

LL-37 derivatives that preserve immune modulation without tumor activation

Intratumoral delivery to stimulate immune infiltration

C. Regenerative Medicine & Skin Bioengineering

LL-37-infused hydrogel scaffolds and 3D bioprinting matrices are under development for:

Chronic wound beds

Skin graft integration

Post-radiation epithelial recovery
→ Tissue engineering – Journal of Biomedical Materials Research【https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jbm.a.36488】

D. Autoimmune & Neuroinflammatory Disorders

LL-37 is being trialed in animal models of multiple sclerosis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis

May restore immune tolerance while preserving anti-pathogen vigilance

E. Peptide Combinatorial Approaches

Combined with BPC-157 or TB-500 to accelerate multilayer tissue repair

LL-37 + GHK-Cu used in cosmetic protocols for scar remodeling, acne-prone skin, and post-laser recovery

5.Application Area

Muscle Regeneration & Hypertrophy

Sarcopenia, cachexia, athletic recovery

Post-surgical muscle atrophy prevention

Anti-Fibrotic Therapies

Liver cirrhosis, pulmonary fibrosis, muscular scarring

Adjuvant in chronic wound healing

Reproductive Endocrinology

PCOS, FSH regulation, infertility treatment support

Hair & Skin Health

Hair follicle regeneration

Wound healing and anti-aging dermatology

✅ Summary

Follistatin is a multi-functional peptide that:

Inhibits myostatin and activin, promoting muscle growth

Reduces fibrosis in various tissues

Modulates reproductive hormones and supports tissue regeneration

Is a rising candidate in gene therapy, regenerative medicine, and performance restoration

ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE ARE FOR INFORMATONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.

The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-vitro studies(Latin: in glass) are performed outside of the body. These products are not medicines or drugs and have not been approved by the FDA to prevent, treat or cure any medical condition, ailment or disease. Bodily introd